中国大学生就业

大力发展专业学位研究生教育是我国高等教育的重要政策，随着专业学位研究生教育规模的扩大，就业问题引发了广泛关注。基于2022年全国107所高校68169名专业学位硕士研究生的大规模调查数据，本研究运用多元回归、分位数回归及中介效应模型，系统考察校企合作的研究生培养基地中的实习实践对就业质量（起薪）的影响。基础回归结果发现实习内容对就业起薪具有显著正向影响。相较于实习实践基地的硬件条件、行业影响力等外部特征，实习内容的专业性匹配度、任务复杂度及核心项目参与度是驱动起薪溢价的关键要素。异质性分析发现，对起薪分布10～30分位的基础岗位群体，实习内容通过弥补能力短板实现“雪中送炭”；对70分位以上的高薪岗位群体，实习内容发挥边际溢价作用；而在40～60分位的中等岗位群体中，实习影响因能力信号同质化而显著弱化。因此，高校应聚焦专业学位教育的实践属性，通过以职业能力图谱为导向的实习内容设计、深度融合型实践基地网络及双导师协同指导机制的培养体系，将实习实践转化为能力提升路径，尤其关注低起薪群体的基础技能训练与高薪岗位所需的复杂问题解决能力培养，以破解劳动力市场的分层匹配困境。

Vigorously developing postgraduate education for professional degrees is an important policy of China's higher education system. With the expansion of professional degree postgraduate education, the employment issue has attracted extensive attention. Based on a large-scale survey data of 68,169 professional master's students from 107 colleges and universities nationwide in 2022, this study adopts multiple regression, quantile regression and the mediating effect model to systematically examine the impact of internship practice in university-enterprise cooperative postgraduate training bases on employment quality(starting salary). The baseline regression results show that internship content has a significant positive effect on employment starting salary. Compared with external characteristics such as the hardware conditions and industrial influence of internship and practice bases, the professional matching degree, task complexity, and core project participation of internship content are the key factors driving the starting salary premium. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that for the basic-position group at the 10–30 percentiles of the starting salary distribution, internship content plays a "providing timely help" role by compensating for capability deficiencies; for the high-salary group above the 70 th percentile, internship content generates a marginal premium effect; while for the medium-position group at the 40–60 th percentiles, the impact of internship is significantly weakened due to the homogenization of ability signals. Therefore, universities should focus on the practical attribute of professional degree education. Through constructing a training system featuring career capability-oriented internship design, a deeply integrated practice base network, and a collaborative supervision mechanism with dual supervisors, internship practice can be transformed into a pathway for capability improvement. In particular, attention should be paid to the basic skill training for the low-starting-salary group and the cultivation of complex problem-solving abilities required for highsalary positions, so as to resolve the dilemma of hierarchical matching in the labor market.